Islamic Historical Timeline

The Final Messenger Muhammad ﷺ is born in Makkah into the clan of Banu Hashim, following the miraculous defeat of Abrahah's elephant army at the outskirts of the holy sanctuary.

While in deep spiritual retreat (tahannuth) in Cave Hira atop Jabal an-Nur, Archangel Jibril appears to Muhammad ﷺ and commands him: 'Read in the name of your Lord who created.'

Following three years of private propagation, the Prophet ascends Mount Safa and calls the clans of Quraysh to Tawhid and warns them of divine chastisement.

Persecuted early Muslims migrate across the Red Sea to the Christian kingdom of Aksum; King Negus (An-Najashi) grants them royal protection upon hearing Surah Maryam recited by Ja'far ibn Abi Talib.

The passing of Khadijah and Abu Talib removes domestic comfort and tribal protection; the Prophet walks to Ta'if where leaders stone him, yet he forgives them and makes the heartfelt orchard prayer.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ is transported by night from Makkah to Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem on the Buraq, leads all previous prophets in prayer, and ascends through the seven heavens to the Divine Presence where the five daily prayers are instituted.

The epochal migration of the Prophet and Abu Bakr from Makkah via Cave Thawr to Yathrib (Madinah), welcomed by the Ansar and inaugurating the Islamic calendar.

The decisive first major military confrontation between 313 Muslims and the 1,000-strong Qurayshi army; aided by angels, the Muslims secure a miraculous victory that establishes their state.

The Muslim army defends against Quraysh north of Madinah; a tactical reversal occurs after archers leave their station on the hill, and seventy companions including Hamzah are martyred.

The historic ten-year peace pact concluded between the Muslims and Quraysh at Hudaybiyyah on the outskirts of Makkah; designated by Allah as a manifest triumph (Fath Mubeen) enabling unprecedented peaceful propagation.

Ten thousand believers enter Makkah peacefully; the Prophet purifies the Ka'bah of all 360 idols, proclaiming: 'Truth has arrived, and falsehood has vanished.' General amnesty is granted to all residents.

Thirty thousand companions march northward in intense summer heat towards the Byzantine frontier, demonstrating the unity of Arabia and securing frontier peace treaties without bloodshed.

Over 120,000 Muslims gather at 'Arafat; the Prophet delivers his comprehensive human rights sermon declaring the sanctity of life, property, equality across races, and the rights of women. Surah al-Ma'idah (5:3) completes the religion.

The Prophet Muhammad ﷺ departs this worldly life in the apartment of 'A'ishah in Madinah, with his final words: 'Rather, the Most Exalted Companionship (Ar-Rafiq al-A'la).' Abu Bakr delivers his famous address: 'Whoever worshipped Muhammad, Muhammad has passed away; and whoever worships Allah, Allah is alive and never dies.'