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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
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تاريخ الإسلام والأنبياء والصحابة
معركة حطين الخالدة
30,000 unified soldiers (12,000 professional cavalry from Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia) — Crusaders marched across waterless arid plains in July heat under heavy chainmail.
Light casualties
20,000 elite Crusader knights, men-at-arms, and Templars/Hospitallers
Total annihilation or capture of the Crusader field army; King Guy captured, Raynald executed by Saladin's own hand
Saladin besieged Tiberias to lure the Crusaders away from their water springs into the arid Galilean desert. He lit brushfires of dry grass, sending blinding smoke and scorching heat into the thirst-crazed Crusader ranks. Surrounded atop the extinct volcanic crater of the Horns of Hattin, the Crusader knights were enveloped and forced to surrender.
Saladin cut off access to Lake Tiberias, trapping the Crusaders without water under scorching heat.
Muslim archers ignited brush fires, blinding the Crusaders with smoke and showering them with arrows.
Guy's red tent fell; Saladin personally executed the oath-breaker Raynald of Châtillon.
Ended Crusader dominance in the Levant; restored Al-Masjid al-Aqsa to the Muslim world without a single massacre, contrasting with the Crusader bloodshed of 1099.
Eyewitness accounts of the collapse of the Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin.
Full chronicle of Saladin's campaigns and the liberation of Jerusalem in Rajab 583 AH.
فتح بيت المقدس والعهدة العمرية
Caliph Umar arrived on a camel shared with his servant, signed the historic Covenant of Umar, and cleared the Noble Sanctuary (Al-Aqsa).
معركة عين جالوت الخالدة
First permanent military defeat of the Mongol Empire; saved Egypt, North Africa, and the Two Holy Sanctuaries from destruction.